tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-43469550017016020842024-03-07T22:22:21.735-08:00This is just for nowAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03718849108287279861noreply@blogger.comBlogger2125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4346955001701602084.post-25976673923239564022014-05-27T13:09:00.000-07:002014-05-27T13:09:41.959-07:00The Coming out of Our Generation’s Innovators<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;">The
Coming out of Our Generation’s Innovators<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;">“</span><a href="http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/s/stevejobs173474.html" title="view quote"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Innovation distinguishes
between a leader and a follower.</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;">”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;">-</span></b><a href="http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/s/steve_jobs.html" title="view author"><b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Steve Jobs</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;">“</span><a href="http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/w/winstonchu111320.html" title="view quote"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Without tradition, art is a
flock of sheep without a shepherd. Without innovation, it is a corpse.</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;">”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;">-</span></b><a href="http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/w/winston_churchill.html" title="view author"><b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Winston Churchill</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> In
the eyes of my generation, our world today is incomparable to that of the times
of our parents’, more so our grandparents’. The world that was portrayed in
books and more importantly the world that was taught to us by our educators has
far been long gone. The days of “swimming by the river” or “fishing beside the
river walk” are phrases we only read in books or perhaps they come in a form of
a dream drawn in our ideals. Indeed, this world of ours today is so different
that even in the smallest of things, there exists an explanation, may it be in
form of science or written in history. As such, the enhancement, or to look at
in Labor Law perspective, the production of new inventors, researchers,
scientist and the like are being encouraged and given utmost importance in our
society. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> In
the television series “<i>The Innovators:
The Men Who Built America”, </i>a series which focused on </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;">primarily in the persons of </span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt" title="Cornelius Vanderbilt"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cornelius Vanderbilt</span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">John D. Rockefeller</span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Andrew Carnegie</span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">J. P. Morgan</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Henry Ford</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;"> and how they brought change to America. This
interesting television show brought my interest to read up on the backgrounds
of these abovementioned noble men. While it is fascinating to learn of the
millions of dollars they have at the time when there only a handful of people
in the world with identical bank accounts as them, what seems to be more
mesmerizing and interesting is the fact that they have brought some things in
this world that up until today are of use. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;"> These
above mentioned individuals and their descendants are still probably harvesting
the fruits of the seeds planted by these men up to today. Harvesting in this
sense means owning and by that, I mean owning tangible things or matters handed
down to them from their ancestors. When we speak of tangibles, in college, as
Sociology and Anthropology Major, tangibles are understood as things which can
be seen or touched or better yet these are things which can occupy space. These
tangibles as provided for by our laws are capable of ownership<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/2nd%20paper=%20Mantos.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
Ownership is a concept where in which people, who exercise ownership upon
certain things, exhaust obligatory efforts towards the thing owned. In addition,
under Philippine laws, an obligation is a juridical necessity to give, to do or
not to do.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/2nd%20paper=%20Mantos.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;"> Moreover,
in a realistic scheme of things, an individual can only do so much as there are
physical constraints on certain circumstances. For instance, the obligation of
an individual in protecting his/her things or valuables extends only until his
physical limitation. That is the reason why we have laws enacted to protect the
people from the evils of society. The Revised Penal Code for one exists for the
determination and implementation of acts prohibited and acts criminalized,
providing as well the penalties of the same. This comes also in accordance with
the paramount duty of the State to protect its people. With this in mind, it is
also important to point out, on a greater scheme of things that our
Constitution, which is the paramount law on the land, provides that “No person
shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law, nor
shall any person be denied of the equal protection of the law.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/2nd%20paper=%20Mantos.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;"> With
this in mind, to stress the gist of Section 1 of the Bill of Rights, it is the
duty of the State to protect its people and the entirety of the things which
rightfully and lawfully belongs to them. To go back to the television series “<i>The Innovators: The
Men Who Built America”</i>, it was shown therein that the men involved in
creating the “New World” as they call it or, America, namely; </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt" title="Cornelius Vanderbilt"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cornelius Vanderbilt</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> who was known
for establishing railroads</span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">;<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">John D. Rockefeller</span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> who was known as a business tycoon primarily in the
petroleum industry; <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Andrew Carnegie</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> was known for his production of steel</span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">;<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">J. P. Morgan</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> a man who dominated the financing industry; </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Henry Ford</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> who founded the Ford Motor Company. Despite having a diverse
industrial commitments between these above mentioned men, the demands of
innovation carries with it an obligation to create market for completion. In fact,
these men, were not only portrayed as pioneer innovators, it was also shown
that they were each other’s competitors in business. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> In that show, it was
portrayed that these men seek for the government’s protection over their
respective businesses to maintain their status and wealth. Placing this scenario
in our world today, as a student of the legal profession, what these pioneering
men have done are clearly criminal in a sense that they give money to certain
politicians to remain in power, this was one of the things emphasized by the
television show on how these men stayed on top of their game. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Supposing that
what was depicted in the show bares absolutely all facts. In the Philippines,
today, the system of staying in power is unlike to that of the doings of the
men in the mentioned television series. In the portrait on how politics goes in
this country, it seems like politicians themselves are all in one as compared
to the deeds JD Rockefeller, et al. this means that our politicians run for
office, to protect their businesses and/or properties and to stay in power.
However, let us not drift into our topic and delve into discuss things need not
be spoken as this is beside the point. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Going back to the
importance of protection of life, liberty or property in our Philippine
Constitution, one might say that our existing laws primarily protect things
that are tangible. But the answer really to the herein criticism is, NO. Because
we have existing laws which protects the intangibles possessed, studied, and/or
discovered by an individual in the society. Intangibles herein are understood
as things that can neither be seen nor touched but exists due to the
intellectual functions of man. These intangibles today are like that of the
reproduction and documentation of the tangibles that changed the world which
are brought by the above mentioned noble men. These intangibles that our men
and women today possess, these are the same intangibles that would innovate our
country or even the world. And these same intangibles need protection from the
evils minds of the society. The very intangibles we discuss herein are that of
Intellectual Property of a person and how it has become the very tool to today’s
innovation. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">To deeply emphasize the significance and value of
Intellectual Property more specifically on “Intellectual Property Rights” on
the innovation, not only here in our country, but also looking at it on a rationalistic
point of view with respect to the world economic industry. This paper aims to
present that the importance given as well as the implementation of statues with
respect to intellectual property need be strengthened in our country. Also, on
a cultural stand point, the need to have a more disciplined men clothed with
proper effects of the law will briefly be discussed. And lastly, this paper
also aims to demonstrate a more innovative intellectual property system within
our country with the aid of the ASEAN Integration in accordance with the goal
of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) progress.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">To stress the significance that the State provides of the
above mentioned innovations, article 14 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution
provides under:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 103.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 5.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 11.0pt;">Section 10.
Science and technology are essential for national development and progress. The
State shall give priority to research and development, invention, innovation,
and their utilization; and to science and technology education, training, and
services. It shall support indigenous, appropriate, and self-reliant scientific
and technological capabilities, and their application to the country’s
productive systems and national life.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 103.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 5.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 11.0pt;">Section 11. The
Congress may provide for incentives, including tax deductions, to encourage
private participation in programs of basic and applied scientific research.
Scholarships, grants-in-aid, or other forms of incentives shall be provided to
deserving science students, researchers, scientists, inventors, technologists,
and specially gifted citizens.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 103.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 5.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 11.0pt;">Section 12. The
State shall regulate the transfer and promote the adaptation of technology from
all sources for the national benefit. It shall encourage the widest
participation of private groups, local governments, and community-based
organizations in the generation and utilization of science and technology.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 103.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 5.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 11.0pt;">Section 13. The
State shall protect and secure the exclusive rights of scientists, inventors,
artists, and other gifted citizens to their intellectual property and
creations, particularly when beneficial to the people, for such period as may
be provided by law.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/2nd%20paper=%20Mantos.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;"> In
addition, to encourage local inventors or our very own innovators, the lawmakers
enacted Republic Act No. 8293 or the <i>“Intellectual
Property Code of the Philippines”</i> The goals set forth for the enactment of
this said law is that; The State
recognizes that an effective intellectual property and industrial property
system is: (1) vital to the development of domestic and creative activity, (2)
facilitates transfers of technology, (3) attracts foreign investments, and (4)
insures market access for our products. It further provides that intellectual
property bears social function.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/2nd%20paper=%20Mantos.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;">With this
in mind and without any doubts cast in the above mentioned concept which states
that the intangibles are like that of the tangibles brought by men foresaw the
need of modernization in the future and provided a chance for the world to make
use of their hard work, their study and of course the work of their
intellectuals. As such, exerting utmost effort in delving into the scope of
Intellectual Property Rights must be first addressed. The term “intellectual
property rights” has a statutory definition as that consisting of; (a)
Copyright and Related Rights; (b) Trademarks and Service Marks; (c) Geographic
Indications; (d) Industrial Design; e) Patents; (f) Layout Designs of
Integrated Circuits; and (g) Protection of Undisclosed Information.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/2nd%20paper=%20Mantos.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;">With the
scope of intellectual property being layout, it is evident to point out that
these measures are set forth to encourage local innovators and/or to make use
of the Filipino minds and compete against the more technologically advanced
nations in the west. However, it is somewhat disheartening to see and actually grasp
in reality our country, is a melting pot of people supporting and encouraging
the production of counterfeited or infringed products. The cultural cancer
which generations of Filipino suffer because of the effects of colonization has
left us. As evidenced by our government regulated establishments in the likes
of Divisoria and Greenhills and many other places in the country where retail
and reproduction of counterfeited or infringed products is in a way being
donned. The admiration of sporting western sounding brands must be further researched
in order for solutions to be presented and that efforts delve into the
promotion of Intelectual Property Rights by our leaders would not be put to
waste.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;">In my own
personal opinion, to give due respect to the bright minds who have created
their products with their very own hard work, our government, as one of the
basic elements of the State, shall strictly implement enacted laws even to the
pettiest deed. With this, not only the retailers or the illegal producers may
be held liable but the same also applies to its practitioners. Also, in
relation to this seemingly cultural cancer of western admiration, the
Intellectual Property Office, the administrative agency which exercises discretional
duties over intellectual property related issues, shall exercise an iron fist
in the guardianship of our own innovators, as well as internationally.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/2nd%20paper=%20Mantos.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 1.5in 10pt 1in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">SECTION
3. International Conventions and Reciprocity. — Any person who is a national or
who is domiciled or has a real and effective industrial establishment in a
country which is a party to any convention, treaty or agreement relating to
intellectual property rights or the repression of unfair competition, to which
the Philippines is also a party, or extends reciprocal rights to nationals of
the Philippines by law, shall be entitled to benefits to the extent necessary
to give effect to any provision of such convention, treaty or reciprocal law,
in addition to the rights to which any owner of an intellectual property right
is otherwise entitled by this Act.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/2nd%20paper=%20Mantos.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;">With this
in mind, it is also evident at this point to grasp the influence played in by
the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in furthering the improvement
of Intellectual Property (IP) in this region of the globe. Intellectual Property
(IP), in the sense that human brain operates timelessly regardless of the breed
or race you belong. As such, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">the
ASEAN Intellectual Property Right Action Plan 2011-2015 was formulated to meet
the goals of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) by transforming ASEAN into an
innovative and competitive region through the use of IP for their nationals and
ensuring that the region remains an active player in the international
intellectual property community. ASEAN will move towards the agreed goals as a
region even while preserving its diversity, without compromising the varying
levels of development of Member States, but charting for the region a unique
brand of an ASEAN Intellectual Property System. To achieve the 2015 goal of economic
integration, the ASEAN Working Group on Intellectual Property Cooperation will
build on past accomplishments, intensify the level of cooperation among ASEAN Member
States by building on each other’s strengths, and continue partnering with
organizations and institutions in order to move forward collectively towards a
single direction, albeit at varying paces.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/2nd%20paper=%20Mantos.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Given
the rapid expansion of international norms and cross-cutting concerns in intellectual
property, ASEAN needs to craft an approach that takes into account the diverse
needs and varying levels of capacity of its Members States, in the context of
broader societal interests and especially development-oriented concerns to
contribute to the promotion of knowledge creation, technological innovation and
transfer, business generation in a manner conducive to the welfare of the
region, among others. ASEAN needs to keep track of international developments
in IP and determine what best practices can be adopted at the regional level. This
Action Plan identifies strategic goals that will contribute to the collective transformation
of ASEAN into a competitive region with the use of intellectual property. With
this new plan, ASEAN will work towards economic integration through intensified
cooperation, with ASEAN Member States acting as leads for initiatives that will
be more focused and with specific deliverables that will move the region closer
to its goal. The ASEAN Working Group on Intellectual Property Cooperation will
ensure ownership and accountability by ASEAN Member States of the projects to be
undertaken and heightened collaboration in the implementation of regional
activities and projects.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/2nd%20paper=%20Mantos.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Having
said these, the ASEAN initiative of creating a unique intellectual property
system that can go hand in hand with the systems of the more advanced regions
around the globe and aiming to make a more updated and accessible system
between the ASEAN Member States creates a more encouraging field for each
members new innovators. With the aid of the ASEAN Intellectual Property Rights
Action Plan of 2011-2015, the iron fist guardianship by the Intellectual
Property Office of the Philippines will surely be in grasp. With proper
application of both Republic Act No. 8293 and the steps provided for by the
said plan which primarily focuses on the following:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 1.5in 0.0001pt 1in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Strategic Goal 1:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">A balanced IP system that takes into account the
varying levels of development of Member States and differences in institutional
capacity of national IP Offices to enable them to deliver timely, quality, and
accessible IP services to promote the region as being conducive to the needs of
users and generators of IP.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 1.5in 0.0001pt 1in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Strategic Goal 2: </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Developed national or regional legal and policy
infrastructures that address evolving demands of the IP landscape and AMSs
participate in global IP systems at the appropriate time.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 1.5in 0.0001pt 1in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Strategic Goal 3: </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The interests of the region are advanced through
systematic promotion for IP creation, awareness, and utilization to ensure that
IP becomes a tool for innovation and development; support for the transfer of
technology to promote access to knowledge; and with considerations for the
preservation and protection of indigenous products and services and the works
of their creative peoples in the region.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 1.5in 0.0001pt 1in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Strategic Goal 4: </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Active regional participation in the international
IP community and with closer relationships with dialogue partners and institutions
to develop the capacity of Member States and to address the needs of
stakeholders in the region.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 1.5in 0.0001pt 1in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Strategic Goal 5: </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Intensified cooperation among AMSs and increased
level of collaboration among them to enhance human and institutional capacity
of IP Offices in the region.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/2nd%20paper=%20Mantos.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Having
provided these, it is important to note the specific mention of the aim of
commercialization of intellectual property in the region in accordance with the
trend in the Intellectual Property Economy. To exemplify the scenario in the television
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">series “<i>The Innovators: The Men Who Built America”,</i>
the noble men mentioned in the herein show were not only pioneers in their
respective industrial commitment but they are also competitors as to each other’s
businesses. Hence, the strengthened effort exhausted by the Intellectual
Property Office with the aid of the ASEAN Intellectual Property Plan, in levelling
the commercial ground for innovators who have enjoyed the fruits of their
efforts as well as to those that would be acknowledged as innovators in the
future in order for them to give people a chance to make use of every piece
that has been in the minds of each individuals. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">As such,
with the proper implementation and application of these mentioned guidelines as
well as the respect given to the law, this unique intellectual property system
with respect to the rich diverse cultural backgrounds of the countries in this
region, the protection and nurturing of new Filipino innovators will be
properly accorded. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Moreover,
to finally analyse the point of this mentioned efforts both nationally and internationally,
in my own personal opinion. The devil that pulls this brightly studied method
of innovation in on its very detail. It is in the person who carries out in
himself the proper actions in society and refrains from crossing the line between
right or wrong. The very solution that is needed is to cure the cultural cancer
of western admiration to further strengthen the encouragement for local
innovators and giving us a taste of the creations of their minds.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;"> <br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 11.0pt;">Rufino Samuel R. Mantos III<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 11.0pt;">2012-0596<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 11.0pt;">Atty. Berne Guerrero<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div>
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/2nd%20paper=%20Mantos.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Art. 721, New Civil Code of the
Philippines.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/2nd%20paper=%20Mantos.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Art. 1156, New Civil Code of the
Philippines.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/2nd%20paper=%20Mantos.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Art. 3, Sec. 1 of the Bill of
Rights, 1987 Philippine Constitution.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/2nd%20paper=%20Mantos.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Art 14, sections 10-13 of the
1987 Philippine Constitution. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/2nd%20paper=%20Mantos.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Sundiang, Jose R. and Timoteo
Aquino <i>“Reviewer on Commercial Law”,</i>
Rex Bookstore, Manila, Philippines 2011 Edition.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/2nd%20paper=%20Mantos.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Salao, Ernesto C. <i>“Essentials of Intellectual Property Law: A
Guide Book on Republic Act No. 8293 and Related Laws”</i> Rex Bookstore,
Manila, Philippines, Second Edition 2013.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/2nd%20paper=%20Mantos.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Sundiang, Jose R. and Timoteo
Aquino <i>“Reviewer on Commercial Law”,</i>
Rex Bookstore, Manila, Philippines 2011 Edition, 474.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/2nd%20paper=%20Mantos.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Section 3, Republic Act No. 8293.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/2nd%20paper=%20Mantos.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> ASEAN Intellectual Property
Rights Action Plan 2011-2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/2nd%20paper=%20Mantos.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/2nd%20paper=%20Mantos.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Ibid.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03718849108287279861noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4346955001701602084.post-37247921486515073082014-05-06T09:21:00.000-07:002014-05-06T09:21:53.345-07:00Cuatela<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">“Cuatela”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(The Latin Term for
security or caution)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> “Computer”
is defined as any device or apparatus which, by electronic, electro-mechanical,
or magnetic impulse, or by other means is capable of receiving, recording,
transmitting, storing, processing, retrieving, or producing information, data,
figures, symbols or other modes of written expression according to mathematical
and logical rules or of performing any one or more of these functions<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/situational%20grey%20areas.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
This is the legal definition which our lawmakers provide for as an emphasis for
the word “computer”. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">However,
computer, a term which I first encountered almost two decades ago, back then,
what it was to me was a box type object and its color was white with a little bit of red
and it has two controllers with it. Before I knew that it was called a “family
computer”, to me, that was the only computer I know, along with the machine
which you put in one peso coin every five minutes in order to finish your game.
With this in mind, one may point out in an instance that I didn’t grow up in
urbanized scenery. Well, such statement is true. In the town where I grew up,
Lupon, Davao Oriental, everything that comes out in a machine, most especially
video games, we call them computer. There were even computers in our town which
were apprehended for gambling. These computers were called “video karera”.
These were the concepts I have of what a computer was when I was in grade
school.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">When I
was in 5<sup>th</sup> grade, the first computer shop in our town was opened.
The first time I entered the place, I felt like I was really out of place. As
my friends enthusiastically line up to play “red alert”, I on the other hand
was quick enough to reach for the door and head home. The very thing in my mind
after going out the door was “we’ll be having computer class in high school
anyway”. True enough, for the next two years, I never bothered to learn how to
play games in the computer nor exerted effort to learn how to use one. However,
when Play Station 1 was brought to our town, as far as I can remember, it was
the first computer that my hands held. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Then came
freshman year in high school, finally, I can get my hands on a computer, a
desktop computer. The first exercise that we did was to practice how to type.
We had a lot of notes for that class but I can barely remember. However, there
was one thing that our teacher required for us, his students, to obtain; a
diskette. A diskette which was a storage for the files we made in accordance
with the exercises provided for in our subject. As I recall the words uttered
by my teacher in computer class “the diskette is for safe keeping”. During that
time, our activities were plainly computer subject related and it was only
about 2002 which I first encountered the internet.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The
internet was introduced to me in a very unusual way. I was in the computer
laboratory of the school where my father used to teach in Davao City. The
“internet explorer” was the only browser available back then, and I, coming
from the province, having no idea on what internet was, began clicking on
whatever that was appearing on screen. As I was going on clicking and clicking,
I ended up being on a pornography site. I was caught by the in-charge, and like
what I did when the first computer shop opened in our town, I quickly headed to
the door and went out. However, as the time goes by, I learned how to use the
internet, with proper guidance and managed to create my very first social
networking page in Friendster. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Like
all social networking sites the we have today, from Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram; Friendster, also require its members to sign up and input all
necessary information about an individual wanting or eager to be a member of
this new thing that people around you can’t stop mumbling about. However, in
every innovation that we make, along with it are risks which when made, were
not foreseeable. Little by little, these risks have started to come out like
mushrooms. The most blatant issue is that, in these social networking sites,
identity fraud is rampant and extensive. Not only this, but hackers are all
over, people you don’t know gets hold of your personal information and
sometimes using such to defraud people. With this, the vulnerability of your personal
information is at stake. The perils which attach to your person in the event
that you sign up in social networking sites are relatively high. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> While
it is true that technology makes people’s lives easier and it also provides for
an avenue which gives comfort to the community without the traditional way of
physically interacting with the people. In various instances, people, have by
passed the possibility that there are risks attached in their person in their
dealings in these avenue such as the social media networks. It seems like,
because of the adaptation of all these technological innovation, privacy, a
paramount right that each individual shall enjoy in on the verge of
disturbance. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Despite
all the pessimisms attached to technological innovation, not just in social
networking sites but the advancement of our government, labor, security system
and many more , our Constitution provides that: <span style="background: white; color: #222222;">Science and technology are essential for national development
and progress. The State shall give priority to research and development,
invention, innovation, and their utilization; and to science and technology
education, training, and services. It shall support indigenous, appropriate,
and self-reliant scientific and technological capabilities, and their
application to the country’s productive systems and national life.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/situational%20grey%20areas.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
It further affords that: The State shall regulate the transfer and promote the
adaptation of technology from all sources for the national benefit. It shall
encourage the widest participation of private groups, local governments, and community-based
organizations in the generation and utilization of science and technology.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/situational%20grey%20areas.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">As such, technological innovation is one
ingredient that our leaders have lobbied to the people as one of the tools for
development in our country. The need for a centralized electronic database for
national organizations and in government-owned and controlled corporations is a
vision that each Filipino has dreamt of in order to have an organized system
and free from the time consuming queuing in government offices. However, with
this in mind, the issue present in this case is: whether or not people are
secured in their persons in providing these offices or organizations their
personal information which may be detrimental to their life, liberty or
property.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The solution that our lawmakers provide for in
this kind of dilemma is the enactment of Republic Act No. 10173 otherwise known
as the “Data Privacy Act of 2012”. Under this law which provides that: It is
the policy of the State to protect the fundamental human right of privacy, of
communication while ensuring free flow of information to promote innovation and
growth. The State recognizes the vital role of information and communications
technology in nation-building and its inherent obligation to ensure that
personal information in information and communications systems in the
government and in the private sector are secured and protected.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/situational%20grey%20areas.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
While such is in accordance with the Article III, section 3 of the 1987
Philippine Constitution which provides that: (1)The privacy of communication
and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon lawful order of the court,
or when public safety and security or order requires otherwise, as prescribed
by law. (2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section
shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/situational%20grey%20areas.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
As mentioned above, that privacy is a paramount right that each individual enjoy
and exhaust. And with respect to the combined efforts and power invested by the
executive department and the legislative department for privacy to be enjoyed
by the citizens to the fullest, the precautions set forth are not free from any
loop holes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The Republic Act No. 10173 or the “Data Privacy
Act of 2012” provides that: This Act applies to the processing of all types of
personal information and to any natural and juridical person involved in
personal information processing including those personal information
controllers and processors who, although not found or established in the
Philippines, use equipment that are located in the Philippines, or those who
maintain an office, branch or agency in the Philippines subject to the
immediately succeeding paragraph:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>Provided,</em><span class="apple-converted-space"><i> </i></span>That the requirements of
Section 5 are complied with.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/situational%20grey%20areas.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
With this, it is evident to state that the scope wherein which the area of responsibility
of this law plays, although it has undergone a thorough study, may still cause
damage to an individual. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt;">For instance, under </span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 11.0pt;">section. 11.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>General Data Privacy Principles.</em><span class="apple-converted-space"><i> </i></span>– The processing of personal
information shall be allowed, subject to compliance with the requirements of
this Act and other laws allowing disclosure of information to the public and
adherence to the principles of transparency, legitimate purpose and
proportionality.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 11.0pt;">Personal information must, be:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 11.0pt;">xxxxxx<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 11.0pt;">(e) Retained only for as long as
necessary for the fulfillment of the purposes for which the data was obtained
or for the establishment, exercise or defense of legal claims, or for
legitimate business purposes, or as provided by law; and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 11.0pt;">(f) Kept in a form which permits identification
of data subjects for no longer than is necessary for the purposes for which the
data were collected and processed:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>Provided,</em><span class="apple-converted-space"><i> </i></span>That personal information
collected for other purposes may lie processed for historical, statistical or
scientific purposes, and in cases laid down in law may be stored for longer
periods:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>Provided, further,</em><span class="apple-converted-space"><i> </i></span>That adequate safeguards are
guaranteed by said laws authorizing their processing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 11.0pt;">The personal information controller must
ensure implementation of personal information processing principles set out
herein.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/situational%20grey%20areas.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Now, the problem herein as one may
point out is the use of the word “necessary”. The use of the word “necessary”
may be subject to abuse. Although in the legal point of view,” <span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">as used in<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><a href="http://thelawdictionary.org/jurisprudence/" title="The philosophy of law, or the science which treats of the prin- ciples of positive law and legal relatious. "><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none;">jurisprudence</span></a><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, the word “necessary” does not always
import an absolute<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://thelawdictionary.org/physical-necessity/" title="the term that is given to the situation where a person is forced into taking a certain course of action.
"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none;">physical necessity</span></a><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, so strong that one thing, to which another
may be termed “necessary” cannot exist without that other. It frequently
imports no more than that one thing is convenient or useful or essential to
another. To employ the means necessary to an end is generally understood as
employing any means calculated to produce the end, and not as being confined to
those single means without which the end would be entirely unattainable.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/situational%20grey%20areas.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
However, in a cultural point of view, wherein which delaying tactics or the
practice of deferring is so rampant, the employment of means calculated to produce
the end is somewhat vague. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 11pt;"> In my opinion, to mix vagueness when
a person’s life, liberty or property is at stake may be construed as a peril to
one’s right to privacy. Indicating a specific timeline for holding personal
information in achieving or fulfilling a specific end or purpose will not
defeat the entire logic of establishing a point or defense, as the case may be.
The absence of a specific timeline for retention of data may prejudice the
individual that is subject of that precise action. To reiterate, privacy, is a
paramount right that each individual must enjoy or exhaust. And having a law
which provides vagueness or general and not specific, especially when personal
information relating to one’s privacy is at stake must be given attention. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 11pt;"> Another part of the Republic Act No.
10173 or the “Data Privacy Act of 2012” which may be subject to misuse and
manipulation can be seen under section 14 which provides that: </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt;">SEC. 14.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>Subcontract of Personal
Information. – A</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>personal information controller may subcontract the
processing of personal information:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>Provided,</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>That
the personal information controller shall be responsible for ensuring that
proper safeguards are in place to ensure the confidentiality of the personal
information processed, prevent its use for unauthorized purposes, and
generally, comply with the requirements of this Act and other laws for
processing of personal information. The personal information processor shall
comply with all the requirements of this Act and other applicable laws.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/situational%20grey%20areas.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt;"> Although this law provides for the proper guidelines on
how to properly operate as a personal information controller or</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 11.0pt;"> a person or organization who controls
the collection, holding, processing or use of personal information, including a
person or organization who instructs another person or organization to collect,
hold, process, use, transfer or disclose personal information on his or her
behalf. The term excludes: (1) A person or organization who performs such
functions as instructed by another person or organization; and (2) An
individual who collects, holds, processes or uses personal information in
connection with the individual’s personal, family or household affairs.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/situational%20grey%20areas.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Subcontracting is an area
wherein which violation to one’s privacy may be neglected. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 11.0pt;">In my own personal point of view, the
abuse in this case may come from the personnel tasked to determine a specific
function of gathering personal information into the system. These personnel may
obtain the technical formula of generating personal information on a database
and presumably they’re the ones providing for its generation and security. With
this in mind, one must be mindful of the risks and perils that are attached to
it. One thing that comes in to mind with regard to this topic is that, in
subcontracting, the personnel’s employed by the subcontractor are not in the
reach of power that the principal has once these personnel are released from
being under the subcontractor or in instances of termination of contract or the
severity of relationship between the subcontractor and its personnel. Meanings,
when they are no longer have ties with the subcontractor; it is easy for them
to disseminate information regarding the storage of data, its functions and
security. While it is true that Republic Act No. 10173 or the “Data Privacy Act
of 2012” provides for penalties in case of breach, it is however an inadequate
precaution for one’s privacy. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 11.0pt;">In my personal opinion, each the office
or organization which provides or gathers personal information into a database
must have adequate number of people that are knowledgeable and capable to
operate as personal information controller. To remove the subcontractor in the
picture and to make the dealings between the person subject of the data
information and the office or organization in need of such data processing
direct, it would somehow minimize the chances of abuse, misuse and manipulation
which may affect a person’s privacy, life, liberty or property as the case may
be.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 11.0pt;">Lastly, under section 20 of this Act
which provides that: SEC. 20.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>Security
of Personal Information.</em><span class="apple-converted-space"><i> </i></span>–
(a) The personal information controller must implement reasonable and
appropriate organizational, physical and technical measures intended for the
protection of personal information against any accidental or unlawful
destruction, alteration and disclosure, as well as against any other unlawful
processing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 11.0pt;">(b) The personal information controller
shall implement reasonable and appropriate measures to protect personal
information against natural dangers such as accidental loss or destruction, and
human dangers such as unlawful access, fraudulent misuse, unlawful destruction,
alteration and contamination.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 11.0pt;">(c) The determination of the appropriate
level of security under this section must take into account the nature of the
personal information to be protected, the risks represented by the processing,
the size of the organization and complexity of its operations, current data
privacy best practices and the cost of security implementation. Subject to
guidelines as the Commission may issue from time to time, the measures
implemented must include:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 11.0pt;">(1) Safeguards to protect its computer
network against accidental, unlawful or unauthorized usage or interference with
or hindering of their functioning or availability; (2) A security policy with
respect to the processing of personal information; (3) A process for
identifying and accessing reasonably foreseeable vulnerabilities in its
computer networks, and for taking preventive, corrective and mitigating action
against security incidents that can lead to a security breach; and (4) Regular
monitoring for security breaches and a process for taking preventive,
corrective and mitigating action against security incidents that can lead to a
security breach.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 11.0pt;">(d) The personal information controller
must further ensure that third parties processing personal information on its
behalf shall implement the security measures required by this provision.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 11.0pt;">(e) The employees, agents or
representatives of a personal information controller who are involved in the
processing of personal information shall operate and hold personal information
under strict confidentiality if the personal information are not intended for
public disclosure. This obligation shall continue even after leaving the public
service, transfer to another position or upon termination of employment or
contractual relations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 11.0pt;">(f) The personal information controller
shall promptly notify the Commission and affected data subjects when sensitive
personal information or other information that may, under the circumstances, be
used to enable identity fraud are reasonably believed to have been acquired by
an unauthorized person, and the personal information controller or the
Commission believes (bat such unauthorized acquisition is likely to give rise
to a real risk of serious harm to any affected data subject. The notification
shall at least describe the nature of the breach, the sensitive personal
information possibly involved, and the measures taken by the entity to address
the breach. Notification may be delayed only to the extent necessary to
determine the scope of the breach, to prevent further disclosures, or to
restore reasonable integrity to the information and communications system.(1)
In evaluating if notification is unwarranted, the Commission may take into
account compliance by the personal information controller with this section and
existence of good faith in the acquisition of personal information.(2) The
Commission may exempt a personal information controller from notification
where, in its reasonable judgment, such notification would not be in the public
interest or in the interests of the affected data subjects.(3) The Commission
may authorize postponement of notification where it may hinder the progress of
a criminal investigation related to a serious breach.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/situational%20grey%20areas.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-PH;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 11.0pt;">The problem in this area is somewhat
similar to that of the loop hole discussed under section 14. However, what must
be focused on under this is the determination of setting up appropriate levels
of security to defeat the evil minds of those who felt that they have been
unlawfully separated. Unlike, in section 14, where the problem is on the part
of the subcontractor, herein, the issue is with regard to the knowledge of the
personnel tasked to become a personal information controller in the instance of
unlawful termination. The issue here is whether or not the security set up for
such data is sufficient as to defeat the minds of the people who set them up.
In my opinion, it is important to create a general system for all which
protects the database gathered with a daily updated security system to avoid
conflicts against those personnel who have bid goodbye to their job either in a
lawful or unlawful way. With all of these issues pointed out, in my own
personal judgement, the data information system, along with the strengthened
“Data Privacy Act”, privacy, as one of the paramount rights which an individual
is ought to enjoy and exhaust, may be properly afforded. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 11.0pt;">Rufino Samuel R. Mantos III<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 11.0pt;">2012-0596<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 11.0pt;">Atty. Berne Guerrero<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div>
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/situational%20grey%20areas.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Republic Act No. 8792, Section
5, b. June 14, 2000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/situational%20grey%20areas.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> 1987 Philippine Constitution,
Article XIV, Section 10.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/situational%20grey%20areas.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Ibid, Section 12.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/situational%20grey%20areas.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Republic Act No. 10173, Section
2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/situational%20grey%20areas.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> 1987 Philippine Constitution,
Article III, Section 3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/situational%20grey%20areas.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Republic Act No. 10173, Section
4.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/situational%20grey%20areas.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Ibid,
Section 11.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/situational%20grey%20areas.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">
</span><a href="http://thelawdictionary.org/necessary/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;">http://thelawdictionary.org/necessary/</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">
accessed May 6, 2014.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/situational%20grey%20areas.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Republic Act No. 10173, Section
14.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/situational%20grey%20areas.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Ibid, Section 3, h. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Tech%20&amp;%20the%20law/situational%20grey%20areas.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Republic Act No. 10173, Section
20.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03718849108287279861noreply@blogger.com0